By Clark Collis Updated March 04, 2011 at 08:46 PM EST
Cinemagoers have become accustomed to the idea of faceless movie serial killers thanks to the bemasked likes of Jason Voorhees, Michael Myers, Leatherface, and the assorted knife-wielding maniacs of the Scream franchise. But the new film Rubber (which is currently available on VOD and hits theaters on April 1) features a murderer who is also lacking arms, legs, and a body. In fact, the movie’s villain is a discarded car tire that, for reasons which are never even remotely explained, comes to life in the California desert and starts making people’s heads explode with his psychokinetic powers. (We know the tire is male because he is credited as “Robert” in the end credits.)
This incredibly bizarre, utterly unforgettable, movie was made by French director and techno musician Quentin Dupieux, who reveals that he mostly eschewed CGI trickery to create his unique killer. “80 percent of what you see onscreen is a puppet,” he says. “There’s a guy off-frame operating the tire with two fingers. And we used a remote control tire for the rolling scenes. There’s nothing incredible about a tire rolling, if you think about it. It’s a tire. It’s supposed to roll!”
Dupieux first found fame with a 1999 ad for Levi’s in which an adorable yellow puppet called “Flat Eric” winningly bopped his head to the sound of a Dupieux-penned electronica track. The commercial was hugely successful in Europe and a spin-off single called “Flat Beat” (which Dupieux released under his techno moniker “Mr. Oizo”) was a No. 1 hit in the U.K. Flush with cash, Dupieux decided to self-finance 2002’s experimental Nonfilm, about the production of a movie that carries on despite the lead actor accidentally killing the crew. “They decide to keep on doing the film,” says Dupieux. “There’s no camera. No crew. There’s just people in the desert. It’s a bit like Rubber, but more disturbing. ”
Dupieux’s first proper feature was 2007’s sci-fi comedy Steak. The film proved a commercial disaster despite starring the huge-in-France double act of Eric Judor and Ramzy Bedia. “They’re really nice, but they usually do big s—ty comedies,” says the director. “The distributor in France said, ‘Okay, we have these two guys, we’re going to make it huge. Let’s put it in 500 theaters.’” Dupieux says that decision was a huge mistake. “ Steak is a strange movie,” he explains. “I saw it a few times with an audience, and each time, at least 10 or 15 people left after 20 minutes, which was not really pleasant. One day I arrived late and the movie was rolling along, but nobody was in the room. I had a shock, like, ‘Wow, my movie is alone. Nobody’s watching, but it’s still running!’”
The experience helped inspire the English language Rubber, which stars Stephen Spinella, Jack Plotnick, and Wings Hauser and cost $800,000. The killer tire plotline is the spine of a film within the film being viewed by an audience who have gathered in the desert. Actually, the “film within the film” is more of a “theater piece within the film,” although this distinction ultimately becomes irrelevant to the audience, most of whom are fatally poisoned for reasons that, once again, remain unexplained. (Did we mention this movie is incredibly strange?) “Obviously we can find a lot of interpretation of the poison,” says the filmmaker. “Like, ‘Oh, yeah, Hollywood is poisoning the audience.’ Think whatever you want. I just did it because I got bored with the characters: ‘Okay, f— them, let’s poison them.’”
Dupieux is similarly unsentimental about the three tires that were used to depict his killer. “I have one in my basement here [in New York], and we have two in Paris,” he says. “But I don’t f—ing care about the tire. I have the original Flat Eric puppet at home and I love him. Flat Eric is cute. The tire is just dirty.”
You can check out the trailer for Rubber below.
More from EW.com:
a wise man once said that there is no real difference between good things and bad things, and im inclined to agree.
really, thats kinda the whole point of this blog. i wanna show that the difference between bad movies and good movies is often completely subjective. thats why ive chosen a movie that is both completely pointless and incredibly brilliant.
Rubber is a movie about a tire that kills people with its mind. Rubber is also a movie about the nature of film and its relation with an audience. its pretty high concept stuff. the film was released in 2010 and won a bunch of awards at the cannes film festival. The director’s wikipeadia page refers to him as an EDM artist first, and as a filmmaker only a little bit right at the end.
this is the kind of movie i love. a completely absurd premise (sentient murder tire) with a simple, straightforward thesis. nothing in movies actually matters. thats the overall point of the movie. its got all these weird meta elements to it, up to and including an actual, in-movie audience that you watch watching the movie.
nothings matters.
the movie starts out with a car slowly driving through a desert knocking over a bunch of chairs for a while.
“we couldve sat in those” an actual quote from the filmwhy does this happen? Well, according to the police officer who exits the car from the trunk, its happening for no reason. he gets a glass of water from the man in the front seat, looks directly at the audience (both you, and the one in the movie (but you dont know that yet)) and gives a speech about how everything in movies happens for no reason. why does he do do this? no reason. he claims that the movie were about to watch (are already watching?) is “an homage to no reason” and then he pours the water out, gets back into the trunk, and leaves. why does he do this?
no reasonthe audience is handed some binoculars and told to look over a cliff. this is apparently where the movie will be happening. they stare at nothing for a while.
Robert, as youve probably guessed by the fact that ive made no attempt to hide it, is a tire. half buried in the sand, Robert suddenly gains sentience, seemingly for no reason. he slowly comes to life, wiggling and moving and slowly standing up, then promptly falls over. he gets up again, rolls forward a bit, and falls over. hes like a black, rubbery, baby deer, and its actually a little adorable.
he rolls along slowly, figuring out the kinds of things he can roll over. bush? no. plastic bottle? yes. scorpion? of course. glass bottle? not really. he can get over the bottle, but it doesnt squish like everything else, so Robert does what any sensible living tire would do. he starts shaking, staring angrily at the bottle as the shaking intensifies until
r.i.p in peace, Beer brand beer“thats awesome” says the audience, because it is. night falls, Robert (and the audience) goes to sleep, then he wakes up, tries to murder a car, gets hit by a different car, murders a bird, finds the guy who hit him, and explodes his head. dont mess with Robert. he chases that first car to a motel where he finds an open door and the other character in this movie.
i guess Roberts in love with her now? the night ends with Robert, now an Actual Murderer, checking into the room next to his love interest/stalking victim who never actually gets a name. Robert doesnt get a name either, but it says his name is Robert on wikipeadia, and wikipeadia is never wrong.
after three days on this cliff, the audience is finally given food in the form of a singular turkey that gets dumped on the ground in front of them. they go nuts over it, and then they die. the turkey was poison.
with the audience dead the movie must be over, right? whats the point if no ones watching? thats what Chad, the cop from the beginning of the film thinks. apparently hes a character in the movie instead of just in the meta movie about the movie. hes been investigating the murder of the guy with the exploded head. when the audience dies, he gives it up and congratulates the other officers on making it through the movie. they dont get it.
what does he mean its a movie? a mans head just exploded. this is some serious business. Chad tries to explain that theyre all actors and the movie is over. theyre not really cops, they can go home. thats it, shows over. thats all folks. but the other cops arent breaking character. he eventually goes so far as to shoot himself with no ill effects (he doesnt die in the script). now everyones freaking out. the officers just saw someone shoot themselves, and Chad doesnt understand why the movies not over. but unbeknownst to Chad, theres still one audience member still alive.
this guythis guy is really digging the movie. he didnt talk to the audience, never slept, and didnt eat the death turkey. if the audience represents an audience, then this is the guy that has seen every James Bond movie in theaters three times. even that crappy one with Halle Berry and the ice castle or whatever. this presents a problem, as there isnt a script past this point. and apparently that means Robert is real. the rest of the movie has Chad teaming up with Female Motorist to stop Roberts continuing murder spree, while Wheelchair Guy just wants to see what happens next. im not gonna go into the specifics, mostly to avoid spoilers, but also because this post is running long.
suffice it to say, Wheelchair Guy eventually grows tired of waiting and confronts Chad and Female Motorist, telling them to make more things happen. he ultimately confronts Robert himself, and by interacting with the main character, hes crossed over the fourth wall, becoming a character in the movie. you know, like he pretty much already was. Wheelchair Guy is now bound by the rules of the movie, which of course means his head explodes.
“Im not a character, im just watching” like theres a difference anymoreno one ive ever talked to has thought this movie was good. on the surface this movie is really stupid seeming. its slow moving, there are long periods of silence, and what is even happening? why did someone make a movie with such a stupid premise? the answer, surprise surprise, is no reason. in attempting to make a movie that demonstrates that nothing matters, Quentin Dupieux has made a movie where nothing happens for any discernible reason. its a fascinating study of films as a whole, and because of that its easy to dismiss it as pointless garbage. if you go into it expecting a stupid movie, thats what you get, but if you go in with an open mind you find so much more. Rubber is on netflix, go give it a shot.
Car tire (tire) is made of rubber based on rubber compounds. It is shaped by a cord fabric made of polymer, metal or textile threads.
The task of a car tire is to soften the ride, provide traction for vehicle movement and directional stability.
The main indicators of the tire are road grip coefficient, wear resistance, rolling resistance coefficient. Grip and wear resistance are dependent on each other: the softer the tread, the better the grip will be, but the wear will also be faster. The softer the rubber, the faster it wears out. A more detailed relationship of tire characteristics is shown in the figure below. Dragging the center of the "web" to one of the sides of the wheel indicator takes away the indicator from the opposite characteristic.
Rolling resistance is the physical laws that act on the wheel while moving in a given direction. As a result of the opposition of physics, energy is lost, and therefore the engine of the car has to give out more power to spin the wheels, i.e. consume more fuel. With a 10 percent reduction in wheel rolling resistance, fuel consumption is reduced by 1-2 percent.
Rolling resistance is affected by tire deformation and aerodynamic drag. Everything is clear with aerodynamics, this is the force of air resistance, and how tire deformation affects rolling resistance, let's look at an example.
During the movement of the sidewalls and the contact patch of the tread, when in contact with the ground, they are constantly deformed and return to their original position. Up to 90% of the energy given to the wheel for movement is lost for deformation and restoration of the tire. Imagine train wheels. They slide along the rails without deforming. The way they are given by the direction of the rails on which they roll, they do not need to maintain directional stability so as not to go into a skid, therefore they do not need a tread, the friction coefficient with the rails is important only for rolling forward. The wheel of the car is driving on a road, which, if there is no good grip, can carry it into a skid. The wheel gets directional stability due to hooks on the road surface. Clings to the road surface occur when the rubber, as it were, spreads over the asphalt, clinging to the soft parts of the tread for all the roughness and unevenness of the asphalt. The point of contact with the road is called the contact patch. The larger the area of the contact patch, the greater the coefficient of adhesion to the road. Just during the appearance of the contact patch, hysteresis occurs.
Hyperthesis is lagging (translated from Greek), that is, a phenomenon in which the tire, in contact with the road, deforms with a delay, and then with a delay returns (bounces) to its original shape due to internal friction in its component materials. During deformation (hyperthesis), the energy that spins the wheels is lost. Imagine flat tires. They will have a larger contact patch area, better grip, but fuel consumption with them will be higher, since energy will be spent on deforming a larger area of rubber.
Another example of tires with a high rolling resistance coefficient are friction tires or in the common people "Velcro". These are winter or all-season tires that adhere to the road surface due to an increased coefficient of friction. You can't ride them in the summer. They have soft rubber, which is pressed even into microcracks in ice, due to which it holds the road in winter and a complex pattern clinging to all the small bumps on the road. Friction rubber has a high coefficient of friction, high hysteresis, high rolling resistance. Rubber with low hysteresis will have lower rolling resistance and therefore lower fuel consumption. The tire hyperthesis coefficient is closely related to the rolling resistance coefficient. Above the reduction of energy loss during the deformation of tires during movement, i.e. hyperthesis, engineers work. But to do this, without sacrificing other characteristics of a car tire, oh how not easy.
The first generation of low rolling resistance car tires were not comfortable. Any bump on the road felt like a small earthquake in the car. Such tires did not have good grip on the road surface, so they were not safe.
Manufacturers reduce the coefficient of rolling resistance of tires through new rubber compounds, tire carcass design, construction, tread pattern. At the same time, without compromising the friction force responsible for traction and stopping distance. Less rolling resistance, less fuel consumption, you've already learned that.
At the 2012 Paris Motor Show, Michelin advertised new tires with reduced rolling resistance. Having set up a spherical ramp, like skaters and roller skaters, they installed two cars at one end of the ramp, attached to a hook. At the command of a Michelin worker, the two cars simultaneously unhooked and began to roll back and forth on a spherical ramp. One of these cars soon stopped, and the second was still riding. The first one was shod with old model tires, and the second one was fitted with new Michelin tires with low rolling resistance.
Each of these components affects the characteristics of the tyre. A thin sealing layer, for example, reduces rolling resistance and weight. It is located on the first ply of the tubeless tire carcass. The low rolling resistance contributes to low fuel consumption, and the low wheel weight contributes to better handling. But if the sealing layer is made too thin, then maintaining a constant air pressure in the tires and their service life will decrease.
Carcass design affects tire load capacity, handling, braking and comfort. There are two carcass structures - radial, when the threads of the carcass layers are arranged radially from bead to bead without intersecting, and diagonal, when the threads of the cord layers cross each other. Radial tires are produced for the most part in tubeless design, diagonal with a chamber. Radial tires have better rolling resistance, a larger area of contact with the road. For diagonal mileage 20-40 thousand kilometers, for radial 60-80 thousand kilometers
Patented by Michelin back in 1946, radial tires were very slow to take over. Initially, they found popularity in motorsport. The Michelin X radial was considered all the rage among racers in the late 1950s because it had less wear and tear than the common diagonal. But radial tires did not go beyond motorsport until 1968. In 1968, Ford released a new line of cars and some of them had radial tires. Despite the advantages of radial tires, at 19In 1982 Avon and Goodyear bias tires were still outperforming Michelin and Pirelli in Formula 1 when they switched to radial tires. But the final victory was won by radial tires. The last race in which cars with diagonal tires took part took place in 1992. Find out which tires are the best here.
The radial threads of the cord that determine the shape of the carcass, as a rule, are made of polyester, in contrast to the belt located directly under the tread - the breaker. The breaker is made of steel cord - a cable twisted from brass-plated steel wire. The steel cord is laid both diagonally and radially.
Wheel tire elastic elements contain both natural and synthetic rubber. They haven’t learned anything better than natural rubber from synthetics yet, so it’s impossible to replace it with 100% in the composition of rubber. Race car tires are 65% synthetic. The proportion of synthetic / natural material in tires for passenger cars is 55/45. SUV tires are 80 percent or more natural rubber.
In addition to rubber, the elastomer mixture includes reinforcing materials - carbon and silicon. Silicon reduces the trade-off between wet grip, dry grip and rolling resistance. Some of the additives are antioxidants that stabilize synthetic rubber, while others improve the adhesion of rubber to steel and polyester cords or act as hardeners and processing aids.
The tread pattern can be asymmetrical (uneven along the tread center line) and symmetrical (with a mirror left and right half from the central plane of rotation). Symmetrical and asymmetric patterns are directional (placed in a direction strictly in a certain direction) and non-directional (independent of the direction of rotation). The tread pattern affects the car's handling, noise level, the ability to drain water through the grooves, preventing aquaplaning.
When driving on a straight road, the compression of the leading edge of the tire's engagement field and the rebound of the trailing edge occur late, not at the same time. The already described hysteretic friction is related to this property. Add side load to the wheel when cornering and tire performance such as slip angle (or slip angle), understeer and oversteer appear.
Slip angle has nothing to do with surface sliding. Imagine a tire in a turn and look for where the wheel touches the asphalt (contact patch). Due to side loading, the rubber will deform at the point of contact with the ground, since under side loading, the new direction of grip will not coincide with the previous direction of movement of the tire. When turning the machine, an angle is formed between the direction of rotation of the rim and the angle of rotation of the tire. The angle between these two directions is the side load slip angle. This measure measures the level of deformation of the tire under side load.
Each wheel has its own slip angle limit in a turn, above which the wheels will lose traction and begin to slide on the surface, which will lead to loss of vehicle control and skidding.
Now imagine a car accelerating around a corner. If the change in the slip angle of the front wheels is greater than the rear, then the car will understeer, the car will start to drift to the edge of the road, it will not fit into the turn. If the change in the slip angle of the rear wheels exceeds the change in the slip angle of the front wheels, then oversteer will be felt, the rear of the car will begin to skid forward. Oversteer is characteristic of rear-wheel drive cars, and understeer is front-wheel drive. Oversteer cars love drifters, read more here.
When driving on a racing lap, the car will oversteer on the outside of the track nose first. With understeer, the car will spin on the track, skidding.
Let's take as an example the marking of Mazda MX-5 Miata tires - 205 / 50R16 with a speed rating of V. 205 is the nominal width of the tire profile, from sidewall to sidewall, measured in millimeters. 50 is the percentage of the ratio of the profile height to its width. R indicates that the tire is radial. 16 - the diameter of the rims. The V speed rating means that the maximum safe speed for these tires is 240 km/h.
Calculating the bus using arithmetic, we get more information about it. As shown in the picture, our 205/50R16 tire has a section that is 8.1 inches (205 mm) wide. Each sidewall is 50 percent of this value, i.e. about 4. 05 inches. Thus, the diameter of the tire and 16-inch wheel assembly is 24.1 inches, and the wheel circumference is 75.7 inches. Read more about how to read the marking of car tires, read here.
Now let's debunk the misconception that the wider the tires, the better the grip, the shorter the braking distance, the better the acceleration of the car. If you change Miata shoes from 205 / 50R16 to rollers with a tread width of 235 mm, it would not go faster and slow down.
On 235mm wheels, the tarmac contact patch will be wider, but narrower along the tread diameter. This is because the pressure on the tire will be distributed along its width, the contact patch area will decrease in length. If you measure the area of the contact patch of rubber 205 mm and 235 mm, it will be the same. The reason for this is that the air pressure in the tire and the weight of the car, which affect the area of the tire's contact patch with the ground, will not change. The weight of the Mazda MX-5 Miata will remain 1207 kg, and the tire pressure, according to the regulations, is also 1.8 atmospheres.
But wide wheels have one indisputable advantage, they are better in corners. The wide contact patch handles side loads better, so cornering is better. For driving on straight roads, increasing the width of the tire does not play a role.
Low profile tires
On low profile tires, the car turns sharper, better controlled, more predictable. The disadvantages of low-profile rubber are that it hits the suspension and absorbs bumps in the road poorly.
Back at 19In the 80s, when a standard wheel tire had a width to sidewall ratio of about 78%, it was easy to recognize a "low profile" tire with a width to sidewall ratio of 60% by the way the car wipers and mirrors shook over every bump. In the 80s, the rubber from which the tires were smelted was rough, so it was difficult to achieve comfort with a width to height ratio of 60%. Now ordinary new sedans gently, not to the detriment of the suspension, move on rubber with a ratio of the width and height of the sidewall - 45%.
In 2020, with current tire technology, a more or less soft ride for a passenger car is obtained on low-profile 255 / 20R-24 tires. If the ratio of the tire bead to the width is less than 20% or the diameter of the disks is more than 24 inches, such “rollers” on the car will only be for beauty, it will be uncomfortable and not safe to ride on them. Selection of low-profile tires on retro disks, the editors of Zap-Online.ru have collected here.
If low-profile tires have good handling and sharp cornering, why aren't they put on Formula 1 cars? Yes, because the International Motorsport Federation has its own opinion on this matter. The rules of Formula 1 are very tight in wheel size and tire/tire ratio. Therefore, in Formula 1 cars they put wheels with a high ratio of width to height: the front is about 245 / 65R-13, the rear is 325 / 50R-13. It is curious that such wheels are inflated with a relatively low pressure of 1.4 bar (or 1.4 kg per square centimeter) and only with air or nitrogen. The goal of the federation is one, leveling the participants in the race.
Earth's atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, as well as water vapor and other gases. Nitrogen molecules are larger than oxygen molecules, so a tire filled with nitrogen will be less susceptible to leakage. The low percentage of nitrogen leakage allows the pressure to be maintained even over a wide range of tire temperatures. Nitrogen can be used to inflate wheels at some tire stations for a long time. Read more here.
The first model with an electronic Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) was the 1997 Chevrolet Corvette. After the technology went to the masses. However, not all TPMS are created equal. Indirectly, the system depends on the ABS control unit (1). ABS estimates the time it takes a wheel to complete a full revolution at a certain speed and compares it with the time it takes for the other three wheels to complete a complete revolution. If the wheel is flat, its diameter will decrease, and the travel time per unit of time will increase. The rotation time will differ from the time of the other three wheels, the data will fly to the ABS unit and the sensor on the control panel will light up indicating which wheel has flattened (2).
However, this method of measurement will not catch a gradual decrease in pressure in all four wheels. Sensors with digital Bluetooth or Wi-Fi protocol show themselves better. Such sensors measure the pressure in the wheels individually, transmitting information to the central computer. The disadvantage of such sensors is in the power system. The battery will last for one to two years of use. Just in case, it does not hurt to have a personal pressure gauge in the car to measure the pressure in the wheels.
Electronic tire pressure sensors (1) emit wireless signals to a receiver unit (2) installed in the vehicle. The indicator on the dashboard lights up when the tire pressure drops below 25% of the set pressure. Some indicators determine which tire is flat (4), while others do not (3). Read more here.
Spare tires take up a lot of space, add weight and cost to the vehicle, making the spare tire an endangered species. SUVs and light trucks usually have a spare tire. In passenger cars, automakers are now putting a temporary spare tire of minimal size or putting RunFlat tires on the wheels. On wheels shod in RunFlat, you can continue driving at speeds up to 60 km / h, that is, you can easily get to the tire shop. A decorative, bright yellow painted spare wheel is placed in the car instead of a regular wheel so that the driver does not ride it until the next puncture, but repairs or replaces the punctured wheel. In addition, a decorative spare wheel takes up little space in the trunk and lightens the weight of the car while saving fuel.
Manufacturers are hatching the idea of airless wheels with recycled resin spokes. They are environmentally friendly and do not require air pressure control. Read more in the Bridgestone Airless Tire Concept article.
Category: Operation and maintenance
Article reading time: 4 minutes
Save to bookmarks
The article provides information on the correct installation of tires and the features of the direction of the tread.
A tire is a multi-layer shell of complex design that is attached to the wheel rim. The shock-absorbing part is rubber or polymer, with a printed pattern, which, as a rule, indicates the direction of rotation of the wheel. The pattern is applied to the protector. The tread is the working area that creates the grip of the car with the road.
Tires are classified according to the following criteria:
Understand! Universal in reliability while driving are inferior to specialized ones. The directional ones provide better grip on wet roads at high speeds. If you correctly determine the direction behind the rotation of the wheels, the effect of aquaplaning disappears, which guarantees good rubber grip in puddles.
Rubber design features are distinctive features that improve the driving characteristics of the vehicle. It is important to understand them for the correct choice of replacement rubber.
Tubeless, long lasting elasticity in the event of a puncture. The rubber tightens around the stuck object. It does not overheat when driving, due to heat dissipation by the open (metal) part of the rim. Unlike the chamber one, there are increased requirements for rims, the need to apply additional sealant at the junction of the rim and rubber, and the complexity of installation. Tubeless are used more often, properly mounted - high wear resistance.
The difference between bias and radial tires can only be correctly identified by the markings. Radial - r. Diagonal - do not have a letter index. You can understand the marking of the diagonal ones by the presence of the designation TT - operation with a camera. Those who care about speed need to understand the differences.
Winter Drive protection
Tires Goodyear UltraGrip Arctic 2 SUV
Winter Drive Protection Sound Comfort
Rating:
4.5
Tires Goodyear UltraGrip Ice 2
Winter Drive protection
Tires Goodyear UltraGrip Performance+ SUV
Winter Drive protection
Tires Goodyear UltraGrip Arctic 2
Winter Drive Protection Run On Flat Sound Comfort
Tires Goodyear UltraGrip Performance+
Tire tread provides traction. You can determine by the tread:
Asymmetrical tread pattern is larger on the outside. Do not purchase with even the slightest difference in the pattern - the tires rotate with a minimum lag - uneven grip with the roadway. Especially important for the highway, sharp descents.
Before determining the direction of a tire, it is important to know that Goodyear's tire direction marking for an asymmetric pattern is: LEFT; RIGHT - right; outside - outer side, inside - inner. install tires on the car according to the pattern on the tread or arrow. If symmetrical - navigate along a symmetrical pattern, its direction must coincide with the direction of movement of the wheel. If you need to install in the direction - the correct designation is ROTATION - rotation.
How to find out the direction if there is no marking - herringbone pattern? Rotate the tire in both directions - the top of the "herringbone" should be the first to touch the road. This is the correct way to install a wheel without a direction marking.
Recently, manufacturers have switched to symmetrical wheels, as it is impossible to know which one will fail. Correct replacement scheme:
It is also worth understanding that it is impossible to use anti-corrosion agents for processing fasteners on the road - imbalance.
