Today, you can buy tires that can carry your vehicle tens of thousands of miles. Modern tires are the results of decades of tire engineering progress. The tire compound is a versatile material that comes with a range of properties depending on the raw materials used to manufacture it.
These materials allow tire manufacturers to come up with detailed tire designs that stand the test of time and driving pressure. But what are tires made of? How to make tires that are actually durable in the long run?
There are some important physical and chemical properties at play that make vehicle tires safe for everyday use. One of the main feedstocks required in tire making is crude oil. Below, we are going to delve a bit into the tire manufacturing process.
We are going to show you how much oil they need to produce a single tire and why. For this, we need to delve a bit into rubber production as well.
What are Car Tires Made of Exactly?To put it simply, a tire is a flexible rubber casing made to fit the rim of your vehicle’s wheel. However, the structure is a bit more complicated than that. There is also a number of required materials to make a tire you can actually rely on.
The primary raw material needed in tire manufacturing is rubber. The industry produces natural and synthetic rubbers on a wide scale. Due to the huge demand for tires, there is a shortage of natural rubber all around the world. It became inevitable to produce increasing amounts of rubber artificially, resulting in synthetic rubber.
Carbon black is also an essential ingredient, used in a fine powder form. Tire factories use a lot of this fine black fluffy particle, which is why they store it in big silos. Other ingredients include various chemicals. Each of them improves certain performance characteristics depending on the type of tire they want to produce.
While the end product is a one-fourth synthetic rubber tire, it also contains polyester, steel, nylon, silica, pigments, waxes, and reinforcing chemicals. Below, we are going to show you how exactly they make rubber, both natural and synthetic.
Back in the day when people started to produce rubber tires, there was no rubber tree plant shortage. They produced latex rubber from the liquid sap they extracted from these trees. Kundzu, oak trees, and poplars are the main sources of natural rubber.
They produce a volatile hydrocarbon liquid called isoprene, which forms the basic structural unit of the rubber. Cutting the bark and collecting the sap in a cup through a process called latex dripping. Then, they added ammonia to make sure the sap won’t solidify over time.
Next, they extracted the rubber by adding acid to the mix. After 12 hours, the resulting rubber compound was still wet, so they had to pass them through rollers and then hang them over racks. As the last step, they fold it into bales so that they can use them for tire production.
Thanks to chemistry, processing rubber is easier than ever in the tire-making industry.
It is a great alternative to natural rubber, although its production requires lots of crude oil. This artificial rubber is made by linking polymer molecules together.
This is done in a laboratory called a chemical plant. The main ingredients are petrochemicals such as neoprene, which is made of hydrochloric acid and acetylene. Emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber or E-SBR is another great product of polymer chemistry.
It is one of the most commonly used general-purpose synthetic rubbers in the World. This rubber is the copolymer of styrene (25%) and butadiene (75%). To put it simply, the molecules of these two monomers are cross-linked through the vulcanization process, resulting in a strong structure.
Isoprene can be obtained by processing petroleum oil, resulting in pretty much the same volatile liquid hydrocarbon produced by trees. By combining isobutylene and isoprene, manufacturers can make butyl rubber as well. This is another type of synthetic rubber that comes with minimal gas and moisture permeability and outstanding shock absorption properties.
Carbon black is basically the main reason why we have black tires instead of white ones. It not only gives the tire its color but also helps with heat dissipation. It is a filler material that is produced at high temperatures.
They use combustion air, which is a source of oxygen to burn fuel, and burn it together with hydrocarbon fuel, which is oil or gas. The result is a chemical material in the form of a soft powder, as it is best to be used in small granules in tire making.
It is used to strengthen the tire’s structure and improve its certain characteristics. It protects against ozone and UV rays, boosts its abrasion resistance, and enhances tensile strength.
Now we finally know what is rubber made out of. We prepared the raw materials, but one question is still there: How are tires made? Well, tire manufacturers follow a strict protocol when it comes to tire assembly. We are still a couple of steps away from getting all tire components ready.
There are various types of tires in the market, yet they all go through a similar construction process.
At this stage, they mix together all different raw materials. The rubber polymers and additives constitute a mix that varies in consistency throughout the various parts of the tire. The reason for this is simple. You want to emphasize versatile characteristics for passenger tires than for industrial tires.
There is a huge difference between winter and summer car tires as well. The rubber is not exactly the same, which is why manufacturers adjust their recipes accordingly.
The next part of the manufacturing process rubberizes the components that reinforce the tire. These include cables, steel belts, and textiles for the most part. Depending on the type of tire in the making, manufacturers use 10 to 30 different components for a single tire.
Even passenger tires need steel cord belt plies, jointless cap plies (nylon embedded in rubber), textile cord plies, an inner liner of butyl rubber, etc.
They assemble all the abovementioned components using various machinery, resulting in “green tires”. At this stage, the tire gets its strong structure, although it still lacks the tread pattern. Assembly machines have their own belt drum where all components need to be placed.
It is where the tire gets its shape through stretching and pressing as all different parts come together.
The rubber has to go through a process called vulcanization, which means that part of the process treats it with high heat. You can imagine this part as just throwing it in the oven for some time to cook it. It is the heat treatment phase that solidifies the structure.
Manufacturers usually do this part with sulfur, resulting in the molecules cross-linking with each other and forming a stronger bond. The heat makes the rubber compounds stronger and more durable. Once it is “taken out of the oven” it is ready for shaping, depending on the tread pattern and overall tire design.
We need about five gallons of oil to produce the synthetic rubbers required for a single tire. The whole tire manufacturing process that follows requires two additional gallons of oil. The manufacturing process uses it to fuel the energy required to prepare the materials and assemble the whole tire.
Bigger ones such as truck tires require, even more, averaging 22 gallons of oil. The tire industry often uses gasoline, the production of which also requires oil. For every barrel of oil (42 gallons), they can produce about 19 gallons of gasoline.
The thing is that by making tires from natural rubber compounds instead of artificial ones, we do not take oil out of the whole equation. We still need it to produce the special additives needed to enhance the tire’s performance characteristics.
Moreover, we also need petroleum oil to work the tires into shape. Carbon black, one of the most essential ingredients is also a petroleum byproduct.
It is produced through combustion, requiring various petroleum oil-based products in the process.
Tire manufacturers have already found a way to produce carbon black without burning oil. They have found ways to produce it from plant-based oil, methane, and carbon dioxide. However, they still need to somewhat rely on the petroleum-based method.
As technology advances, we are inevitably going to reach the point when brands can manufacture tires in an environmentally-friendly way. Until then, we more or less need to use petroleum oil in the process.
We can get the rubber from natural sources such as rubber trees. The real problem here is that there is a shortage of trees available, compared to the global demand for tires. The global manufacturing of rubber products has already contributed to mass deforestation across the world.
There are simply not enough natural resources to get the desired amount of rubber produced. Fortunately, science has found a way to produce isoprene, the main ingredient of rubber without having to use oil in the process.
A company called Genencor had a project with Goodyear during which they found a way to generate natural isoprene.
They took plants such as corn cobs, switchgrass, and corn and used E. coli bacteria to break down their cellulose-based sugars. The result was natural isoprene and very few toxic waste products. This way, they have demonstrated an environmentally-friendly process.
They now call the end product BioIsoprene, which enables manufacturers to produce rubber compounds without using oil.
The reason why tires are black is quite simple. We have previously talked about what brands use to make rubber, and there is nothing black in it. The ingredient that makes tires black is carbon black, which brands add to the mix later in the tire manufacturing process. It is crucial for the tire’s abrasion resistance and tensile strength. Due to the resulting strengthened structure, this ingredient makes the tire last longer.
Without carbon black, tires made of natural rubber would be white in color.
They would also have weak performance characteristics that would make them unsuitable for everyday use. It would result in short service life, wearing down tread patterns at a fast pace.
One of the biggest problems with tires is friction-induced pollution. You see, not all pollution comes from the tire manufacturing process. As you drive your car, your tires are constantly generating friction between the footprint and the road surface.
The result is plenty of tire dust that has a huge impact on the environment. As your tires grip the road, they dissipate energy and waste heat depending on their rolling resistance. When we do the math, it turns out that 9 percent of oil consumption is the result of tire rolling resistance. Low rolling resistance means less friction, less pollution, and fuel efficiency.
By making tires, tire manufacturers contribute to pollution by only 1 percent. We can only get that oil through oil refining, which generates hazardous wastes and pollutes our air and water as well.
The devil is in the details, as they say.
Brands make most tires using synthetic rubber. On average, to produce one tire, the process uses seven gallons of oil. Tires are not directly and solely made of oil, it is an essential ingredient for synthetic rubber. Even when using natural rubber, tire manufacturing needs oil later in the process.
The industry makes rubber from both natural ingredients and artificial ones. Natural rubber comes from rubber trees, extracting latex from the tree – a liquid sap produced by the tree. Besides latex rubber, there is synthetic rubber, made with petrochemical feedstocks through chemical processes.
Plastic and rubber fall under the category of polymers. They have to mix additives with polymers in order to gain additional properties. Polymers with an elastic property are elastomers. They differently arrange polymer molecules in rubbers, enabling them to bend and return to their initial shape.
It's easy to take your tires for granted, but that black ring on the wheel of your car contains so much more than just plain rubber. In actual fact, it’s a complex blend of different rubbers – natural and synthetic – plus a whole host of other chemicals and construction materials. Expertly mixed and combined, our rubber compounds are sophisticated enough for a variety of driving conditions.
On average, a modern tire on a passenger car will contain up to 25 components and as many as 12 different rubber compounds. It all starts with natural rubber extracted from special trees grown in large plantations. This liquid (latex) coagulates with acid, is cleaned with water and pressed into bales.
Synthetic rubber, meanwhile, is created in a separate process using a mix of chemicals in the laboratory. During the manufacturing stage, these bales (both natural and synthetic) are cut up, weighed and mixed with other ingredients according to precise recipes.
The textile industry supplies base materials (rayon, nylon, polyester and aramid fibers) for the manufacture of cords which serve as a reinforcing material.
The steel industry supplies high-strength steel. This serves as the raw material for the manufacture of steel belts (steel cord) and bead cores (steel wire).
We can break a tire down into its components to see where each material comes in. Let’s start at the road surface and work our way inwards.
We can also look at amounts of materials used.
Let’s take a look at what’s in one of Continental’s most popular summer models.*
Of course, a different compound of materials provides different properties for different tires. The precise mix of ingredients matters.
The mix of materials used in a tire will depend on its purpose. The soft compounds in summer tires become hard below 7 °C, compromising grip. But winter models offer special technology that keeps them flexible and helps maintain grip – ensuring top performance, even in low temperatures. Living in a mild climate? All-season tires can provide an ideal solution.
ContiSilent™ is a noise-reducing technology developed by Continental.
It reduces interior noise on all road surfaces. How? ContiSilent™ tires feature a polyurethane foam absorber attached to the inner surface of the tread area with an adhesive. Regardless of the temperature, the structure of the foam stays intact.
Even at high speeds, the ContiSilent™ absorber reduces road noises inside the vehicle by up to 9 dB(A).
Manufactured from only the highest quality materials, Continental sets high standards – particularly in safety. Before any Continental innovation goes into production, it is tested intensively. Testing is carried out on every winter and summer tire. This is done under all kinds of weather and road surface conditions, using the most modern testing methods and measuring technology.
Every test follows one simple purpose: making driving safer.
* 205/55 R 16 91V ContiPremiumContact 5
¹ As of 2010 stringent mandatory limits are in effect in the EU explicitly for plasticizers classed as harmful to health.
Thanks to the use of alternative types of oil, Continental tires remain well below these limits.
The fastest way to the perfect tire.
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OUTLINE MODEL VEHICLES………………………………….2
MODEL ARMORED CAR…………………………………………….6
AMO-F-15 CARGO MODEL …………………….8
BULLDOZER SILHOUETTE MODEL …………………………………….11
REFERENCES ……………… ………………………………… .14
Contour models of cars
The following materials are needed to build contour models: plywood 3 - 4 mm thick, cardboard, tin, steel wire with a diameter of 2 - 2.
5 mm, PVA glue and Moment, solder, rubber thread and enamel paints. nine0008
First of all, all the details of the model are drawn in actual size. If you need to build many identical models, then the drawing is transferred to tracing paper - it will last longer.
A plywood sheet is cleaned with fine-grained sandpaper and carbon paper is applied to it, and a tracing paper with a working drawing is attached on top with buttons. The pattern of the car body along the length should be placed along the fibers of the top layer of plywood. All lines of the drawing are carefully outlined in pencil. Straight lines should be drawn using a ruler, curves - with the help of patterns, circles - with a compass. nine0008
The shape of the car silhouette can also be made from a template made of thick cardboard.
It is not difficult to make a contour model of a car. The components of these models are as follows: the silhouette (contour) of the hull, wheels and rubber motor.
All the details shown in the drawings are cut with a jigsaw and then streamlined by rounding the edges with needle files and sandpaper. The wheels need to be cut especially carefully so that the model moves better. In extreme cases, wheels can also be used already manufactured at the factory. nine0008
To give the model a more three-dimensional shape, its upper part, those bodies, are glued together from several identical parts superimposed on one another. After assembly, the body is glued to the frame. The spikes should fit snugly into the sockets cut into the frame.
Then proceed to the manufacture of the running gear of the model. Two U-shaped tin brackets serve as bearings for the axles on which the wheels are mounted. The brackets are attached to the frame with small nails, or glued with glue, or screwed with small screws. Holes in brackets and wheels are drilled with a drill. For axes, take a wire with a diameter of 2 - 2.5 mm. It is very convenient to use old bicycle knitting needles, knitting needles, etc.
for this. The free end of the axle is pushed into the bearing hole, a plastic washer is put on and the wheel is mounted. They do the same on the other side. Washers are put on so that there is no longitudinal displacement of the axle and the wheels do not rub against the edges of the frame. nine0008
To prevent the wheels from slipping, a narrow strip of sandpaper is glued onto the wheel rims or rubber tires cut from an old bicycle tube are put on the wheels.
The movement of the model is checked on a level table surface. The wheels should touch the surface of the table and rotate easily and smoothly.
Of particular interest is a truck model, where on a frame with the same running gear you can install a three-dimensional body in the actual size of the model. nine0008
Next, a rubber motor is installed on the model. For the manufacture of a rubber motor, rubber threads or tapes with a section of various shapes are suitable.
On sale there is a special aircraft modeling gum in coils, fishing rubber, as well as rubber included in kits with materials for building various rubber-motor models.
The simplest rubber motor: one end of the rubber is attached to a stud driven into the front of the frame, the other to the rear axle. The engine is started by the movement of the rear wheels of the model: in this case, the rubber is wound around the rear axle. nine0008
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Model of armored vehicles
Starting the model of armored vehicles, primarily determine the scale and overall dimensions, as well as the materials from which it will be made. So, for the manufacture of large models, it is advisable to take fiberboard, waterproof plywood 2.5 - 4 mm thick, thick cardboard or tin; for small ones - plywood 1 - 2.5 mm, cardboard, thin sheet plastic. Individual parts can be made of PVC or PS-1 foam plastic.
The work is divided into two stages: the manufacture of the chassis assembly and the armored hull.
Using the truck manual, make the front and rear axle beams. The chassis frame is cut out of plywood 4-5 mm thick.
For small-sized models, it is allowed to use ready-made wheels from the "Designer" sets, for large ones, you will have to make wheel disks and tires yourself.
Before fabricating the housing, cut out templates and use them to mark the material. They start with the main parts of the hull and body: side panels, roof sheets, front and rear parts of the armored hood, etc. After cutting or sawing out, it is necessary to fit and process the joints. Doors are cut through beforehand (or sheets of cardboard imitating them are glued) and inspection hatches.
The machine has a fully armored cab only. Armament - a cannon or a machine gun behind a large box shield in the back. In the same place, in the side embrasures, there is a machine gun that can be rearranged from side to side.
Another machine gun is in the cockpit. nine0008
Finished parts are glued together. It is better to paint the model in two stages: after the manufacture of the chassis and armored hull, prime and putty them, followed by grinding the irregularities and applying the first coat of paint. The final painting with soft green "protective" paint should be carried out after assembly, inspection and elimination of imperfections.
For painting, you can use an airbrush or spray gun. With their help, the paint can be applied in a uniform layer. nine0008
The armored car model can be supplemented with details that imitate various parts of the model body: armored hull rivets, door and hatch handles, steps, ladders, etc. (factory or own production).
Model of the AMO -F truck - 15
On November 1, 1924, the workers of the AMO plant (now the I.A. Likhachev -ZIL plant) assembled the first Soviet AMO -F - Fit - 15.
9. 9. 9.0003
It is planned to build a scale model of the AMO-F-15 car. The model is not an exact copy of the prototype. Some scaling and the absence of several details are allowed in order to simplify the manufacture of the model.
Work on the manufacture of the model begins with the body. To work, you will need the following tools: a jigsaw with files, a knife (cutter), an awl, pliers, files, needle files, sandpaper, etc., as well as materials: plywood 3 - 4 mm, fiberboard, bars and slats, cardboard, thick celluloid etc.
Manufacture of the body begins with cutting out the bottom and sides of the body. These parts have shallow risks along the entire length, imitating the joints of the body boards. There are 9 of them on the bottom, 6 on the sides. The risks are applied with a sharp knife using an iron ruler. Then the skeleton is assembled from the underbody bars. After assembly, the underbody bars and tool boxes are glued to the bottom of the body. Now it remains to glue the lining on the sidewalls.
There are 4 of them along the length of the body, and 2 in width.
Starting to manufacture the cabin, pay attention to some characteristic features. On its back wall there are risks imitating the joints of the boards (there are 11 of them), and a rear window grille. The lattice is easiest to make from matches. To simulate a radiator, you can use a fine steel, copper or brass mesh, painted black. nine0003
The frame is the most time-consuming part of the model. First, the longitudinal and transverse spars, corners and frame pallets are glued together. Then the front part of the frame and the rear springs are assembled. To prevent misalignment of the axles, the eyelets for mounting the front and rear wheels, the rear axle and power transmission parts are glued last. For the manufacture of the cardan shaft, you can use ordinary glue brushes, and the rear axle - a part turned on a lathe.
For gluing model parts, PVA glue and Moment glue are used. After assembling parts and assemblies, the most important part of work on the model begins - preparing it for painting.
It depends on the appearance of the model.
All assembled parts are cleaned with fine emery cloth. Slots, cracks are carefully puttied with nitro putty. When all the parts are puttied and cleaned, they begin to paint them.
The first 10 cars were painted bright red. In the future, the color of the trucks was green, gray or beige. nine0003
The color distribution is as follows: the frame, footboard, dashboard, steering, levers, cab rear wall grille, cab roof and radiator are painted black, everything else is in the main color, for example, dark green.
silhouette model of bulldozer
Purpose of work: to familiarize students with the device of a resonator, rationally plan work, find ways to connect parts from various materials, develop independence in practical work, etc.
Materials and tools: plywood, thick cardboard, wire, jigsaw, cutter, sandpaper, glue, etc.
Workflow:
Author - compiler:
teacher of additional education
circles “Current Models”
Sheffer Gennady Anatolyevich
Literature:
A. "Technical design". M., ed. DOSAAF, 1977. Based on materials from the site http://www.edu.doal.ru/
Konstantin Ishchenko
an experienced car enthusiast
The biggest hit on the budget of a motorist is when you have to buy both summer and winter sets of tires within one year.
For example, the popular Nissan Qashqai is equipped with 225/45 R19 tires in the maximum configuration, a set of the middle price category will cost about 50,000 RUR.
But there is an option to save money and buy used tires. This article will tell you how to safely buy used tires and when you shouldn't. nine0003
Or the season has changed. We wrote in detail about how to assess the condition of tires and understand when they need to be changed in a separate instruction. Before you start looking for tires, it is important to be able to read their parameters. The most important in this situation are the size, manufacturer and model of the tire. nine0003
If the task is to buy a set of four tires, then it is important to respect the size.
If you damaged one tire, you will have to look for exactly the same one: two wheels of the same axle must have tires with the same tread pattern, and this is possible only in the case of tires of the same model.
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How to save on buying car tires and wheels?
Tire parameters important to look for: width, profile height and rim diameter Tire manufacturer and modelAccording to Avtostat, an average car in Russia drives 17,500 km per year. Let's take the average wear resistance of tires according to the Treadwear index - 320 and calculate how long a new set of summer tires could theoretically last.
Every 100 index units is 12,500 km, which means tires are rated for 40,000 km. Assuming that the summer kit is used for 6 months out of 12, the mileage for six months is 8750 km, and the kit is enough for 4.5 seasons.
If the annual mileage is 30,000 km, then the summer kit should wear out in 2.
7 seasons. But I have not met people who change tires in the middle of the season: either they change them in the spring, or they drive them until autumn. nine0003
Judging by Yandex Market, the average popular tire 205/55 R16 costs 5500 R, which means that the set is 22 000 R. Let's round up 2.7 to three full seasons. One season costs Rs. pay more than 14,000 R. How to evaluate the tread depth on a used tire, we will tell a little later. nine0003
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11 economical cars for daily driving
These are very average values, but still usable. There is no perfect formula, operating conditions and driving style are very different.
Buying used tires will allow you not to get into a loan if a new set is too expensive. Or it will help those who know for sure that at the end of the season they will change the car: there is no point in buying new tires for the next driver. However, the theoretical calculation does not take into account your travel time for the next purchase and the risks of buying a bad kit.
If you plan to drive a car for at least two years, buy new tires. nine0003 Velcro on stamped disc. A set of tires and wheels - 3000 R. I took it to change the car into it for the duration of a long body repair. It was a pity for me to leave the car on the expensive original casting. I had to spend two weeks searching, look through hundreds of ads and once go to the other end of the city. When the wheels are no longer needed, I plan to sell for 6000 R
At first glance, the sale of tires is illogical. Tires need to be worn out completely and then disposed of, but the market for used rubber is huge. It has several types of sellers with very different offers. nine0003
Companies that sell used tires from Europe and Japan. Despite the ban on the import of used rubber, which has been in effect in the Eurasian Customs Union since January 1, 2010, this business is booming. The main thing is to prove that tires are not hazardous waste and they are not imported for recycling.
Therefore, on Avito and various sites, many offices offer used tires of various brands, sizes and models.
| Benefits | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Huge selection of summer tires Advice available, professionals know their product Usually there is a tire service on site Safer online shopping. Many trade by bank transfer as a full-fledged online store Tire warranty until the first tire fitting, a defective tire will be exchanged for a good one or money back | nine0361 There is almost no choice of winter tires: no studded and little friction - Velcro. You can only buy "euro-winter" for mild climatic conditions.
Here are some of the advantages of specialized stores that sell used tires:
But there are also disadvantages:
Dealers and tire shops. They differ from the first ones in scale - they are much smaller, and also in that they trade at best on the scale of one city.
Often the base for such activities is a tire shop. They buy cheaply at Avito or from tire fitting clients, sell more expensively at Avito or other tire fitting clients. nine0003
There are also not very pleasant scenarios: an unscrupulous tire fitting worker offers to dispose of a completely normal set of tires “out of friendship” and gets it for free. For another client, the same kit “very much nothing, two seasons will definitely pass” costs 15,000 rubles.
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A typical tire shop that sells rubber for emergency replacement of a damaged tire. The choice is small, storage is not according to the rules: direct sunlight damages tires. But there are situations when there is no choice
Individuals who sell unwanted tires for a variety of reasons. Here are the main ones:
This makes sense: a car will definitely not become more expensive due to a set of wheels; | Advantages of | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| You can search tires by car make and model, not just size With a little luck, you can make a super bargain | You will have to choose among ads for a long time and carefully Many do not know what they are selling (errors in names, sizes and tire models are the norm) A rare seller agrees to tire fitting in his presence, everything will have to be checked by himself and by hand Many scammers: they can offer to leave an advance payment and disappear or send an erased kit instead of what is in the ad No warranty on tires |
Here are some of the benefits of buying used tires from individuals:
But there are also disadvantages:
Universal ad platforms: Avito, Yula and others.
Here is the largest selection of used tires. Both private traders and professionals sell. Despite the convenient application and filters, it takes a lot of time to search. Don't expect every seller to list the model correctly. Bridgestone Potenza can become just "Bridge Stone" - and this is not the worst option. nine0003
You will have to scroll through a huge number of ads with completely worn-out tires that are only suitable for recycling. Unfortunately, no filters will save you from this. Looking for tires on Avito is like looking for a treasure: you have to dig a lot, and no one guarantees a reward, but some are lucky.
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Avito: how to avoid scammers
Adjust the filter by size - so you will have more chances to find the tires you need You can no longer drive on such tires: they are worn out to the limit marks, this can be seen even in the photo. Plus, the sidewalls are very worn out. But the seller still thinks that he can get 3000 R for them Sites for ads for the sale of cars: "Avto-ru" and "Drom".
There are few private ads here, mainly specialized stores operate on such sites.
Droma has the largest selection of used wheels and tires from Japan in the country. Drome offers a good customer protection service and acts as a guarantor of purchase: if they send you worn or damaged tires, the site will return the money. If everything is fine, they will be transferred to the seller.
At the time of writing the article on Avto-ru, there were only five private ads for the sale of tires of the common size 205/50 R17 throughout Russia. It makes no sense to look for tires from private traders on this site. Source: Avto-ruCar club sites: forums, chats, Drive-2 — places where representatives of car clubs communicate. Sometimes it can be difficult to find the site itself. This can be a group on Vkontakte, a chat on Telegram or WhatsApp.
There are fewer offers here, but they are more interesting, more likely to find a good set. It is not customary to post completely junk for sale in communities or to greatly inflate the price: the ad will be discussed, criticized, or even deleted altogether.
But don't forget about safety. You should not buy something without verification or send the entire amount to a stranger in another city. It is usually customary to ask a friend of a teammate to go look at the kit and make sure that the tires are sent. Here, as a rule, you can place your ad on the purchase of the necessary tires and wait for responses. nine0003
There is a flea market on Drive-2. It is not very popular, but it is worth looking into it: there are filters separately for disks, wheels and tires, you can specify the dimensions.
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How to save on the operation of the car
Special online stores and car disassembly. In most cases, such sellers open an official representative office on Avito, but some sites are also still working. They may have rare tires or a more interesting price. Large auto-dismantlers rarely sell tires - they mainly sell sets of wheels. The condition of the tires on the rims is most often mediocre: a car is not sent to scrap on good tires.
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Tire shops and car services. It's hard to find interesting deals on tires here, it's not their business. Tires in a tire shop are usually bought in emergency cases: when one or more tires are damaged, but you need to somehow drive a couple of weeks to pay.
Price. Before buying used tires, it is better to check the price of new tires of the right size. Tires from young Chinese brands are very cheap, and the market for used tires is overheated and overpriced. It is impossible to unequivocally answer which is better: a new tire from an unknown manufacturer or a used tire from a well-known brand. But it is necessary to compare, study reviews and weigh everything. nine0003 At first glance, an excellent offer. A set of fresh tires 215/55 R17 with 20% wear for 18,000 R. But the indicated balance of 6 mm is about 30% wear. The remaining tread of the new tire is 8 mm, the tread limiter bar has a height of 1.
6 mm. The tire is worn 2 mm. Usable tread depth: 8 mm − 1.6 mm = 6.4 mm. 2mm from 6.4mm is 31% wear. Source: Avito But then it turns out that the new ones are very inexpensive. The remaining 6 mm is two-thirds of the tire resource, which means that buying such a kit costs no more than 16,000 R. Source: Yandex Market
Manufacturer, model, size, indices and other details. Be sure to check all tire specifications - everything that is listed on the sidewall. The seller may not understand tires well or deliberately lie. Carefully inspect each tire. For example, you can accidentally buy a set of four tires, where three will be with runflat technology and one without it. If buying tires remotely, always ask for individual photos of each tire in full detail, or even better, a video.
Tire year. Tires that are more than 5 years old are very often among the ads of specialized stores. Tires may have excellent tread residue, but it is better to refrain from such a purchase. The older the tire, the worse its properties and the greater the chance of hidden damage: cracks, delaminations and ruptures.
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How online tire stores deceive car owners
The tire release marking always looks like this: the first two digits are the week of production, the second two are the yearTread depth. It is not necessary to measure the residual depth “by eye”, it is better to buy a special device or use a caliper. The standard tread depth of new summer car tires is 7-8 mm, winter tires are 8-10 mm.
About tires that are long overdue for disposal, they wrote above: summer tires less than 4 mm or winter tires less than 5 mm should not be bought "for the season", it is not safe.
Digital Tread Depth Gauge is a simple and cheap instrument. It will help to accurately measure the residual tread depth and adjust the price of a set of tires. Source: Yandex Market Tread condition, damage and repairs. Do not buy tires with uneven tread wear. They will not be able to provide a complete drainage of water from the contact patch with the road, it is unsafe to ride on them. Severe cuts or even the absence of individual tread fragments will also be a reason to refuse a purchase. Without a specialist, you run the risk of buying a tire that you cannot use.
But do not be afraid of well-repaired punctures. Tires with patches on the inside of the tread part can be bought, this will not affect further operation. You should not buy tires on which punctures were repaired with a tourniquet. nine0003
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Obviously, this tire is no good: there is almost no tread, the studs are completely worn out. The central part is almost completely missing, and the sidewalls are less worn. Maybe the tire was pumped. Surprisingly, they also sell such Cracks and delaminations. Long longitudinal cracks, along the circumference of the tire on the sidewall or small cracks in the tread area - in any case, bad. Either such a tire was poorly stored, or it is very old. This is a particularly dangerous case, because such a tire can collapse while driving and cause a terrible accident. Cracks are not repaired, so you will have to refrain from buying. nine0003
Sidewall condition, damage and repairs. Hernias of any size, side cuts and patches on the side of the tire are good reasons to keep looking. You can't buy these tires.
Carefully inspect and feel the sidewalls of the tires. Unfortunately, not all defects can be found on a tire without a disk and without air inside. It will be ideal if you can mount tires on rims in a tire shop. Ask to balance the wheels and only then pay.
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If in doubt that the tires are intact, look for another option. Remember that it is the tires that connect your car and the road.
Presence of spikes and their condition. It is not necessary to count every stud on a tire, it is difficult and time consuming. Just look at the tire: if it seems that there are about half of the studs on it or less, you do not need to buy a tire. Studded tires without studs won't get Velcro, so don't just look at the tread.
Studs on a tire that has already been driven for a couple of seasons look very different from new ones. They were worn off along the way, the seats were broken. In the background, you can see that the tire has already begun to lose studs. Even with sufficient tread, you can be left without spikes very quickly, it is better to look for another option Ads often offer used tires at an inflated price. We have made a special calculator that will help you calculate the fair value of tires, regardless of the manufacturer, technical parameters of tires and their number in the kit.
